President Biden on Tuesday announced a sharp increase in tariffs on an array of Chinese imports, including electric vehicles, solar cells, semiconductors and advanced batteries, in an effort to protect strategic American industries from a new wave of competitors that he said were unfairly subsidized by Beijing.
拜登总统周二宣布大幅提高对一系列中国进口产品的关税，包括电动汽车、太阳能电池、半导体和先进电池，以求让美国的战略产业免受新涌现的一批竞争对手的冲击，他说这些竞争对手得到了北京的不公平补贴。
The president also officially endorsed maintaining tariffs on more than $300 billion worth of Chinese goods that were put in place by President Donald J. Trump. Mr. Biden criticized those tariffs as taxes on American consumers during his 2020 run for the White House.
总统还正式赞同了特朗普总统的政策，维持对价值3000多亿美元的中国商品征收的关税。拜登在2020年竞选总统期间批评这些关税是对美国消费者的征税。
Mr. Biden’s moves were the latest trade-war escalation from a president who initially pledged to repeal at least some of the Trump tariffs but now has refused to cede any ground to his rival in a tough-on-China appeal to swing voters in the industrial Midwest and beyond.
拜登此举是贸易战的最新升级，总统最初承诺至少废除特朗普的部分关税，但他现在呼吁对中国采取强硬态度，以吸引中西部及其他地区的摇摆选民，拒绝把任何地盘让给竞争对手。
They also reflect Mr. Biden’s efforts to build on Mr. Trump’s consensus-defying trade confrontation with China while focusing it on sectors of strategic importance to the United States, like clean energy and semiconductors.
这些措施还反映出，当初特朗普无视共识与中国展开的贸易对抗，正成为拜登的政策基础，同时他还把焦点放在对美国具有战略重要性的行业上，比如清洁能源和半导体。
In remarks at the White House, Mr. Biden said his administration was “combining investments in America with tariffs that are strategic and targeted.”
拜登在白宫发表讲话时表示，他的政府“将对美投资与具有战略意义和针对性的关税结合起来”。
Standing before a crowd that included the leaders of several labor unions and representatives from steel, aluminum and other manufacturers, Mr. Biden contrasted his approach with that of Mr. Trump.
拜登将自己的做法与特朗普进行了对比，台下的听众包括几个工会领导人以及钢铁、铝材和其他制造商代表。
“My predecessor promised increased American exports and boosted manufacturing,” the president said. “But he did neither. He failed.”
“我的前任承诺增加美国的出口，促进制造业。但他什么也没做。他失败了，”他说。
Asked by a reporter after the speech about Mr. Trump’s claim that China is now “eating our lunch” economically, Mr. Biden shot back. “He’s been feeding them for a long time,” Mr. Biden said.
演讲结束后，一名记者问到特朗普关于中国目前正在经济方面“吃我们的午餐”的说法，拜登进行了回击。“他可是一直在喂他们吃的，”拜登说。
In a sign of the newly scrambled politics of trade, labor leaders, many Democratic lawmakers, some industry groups and even environmentalists praised Mr. Biden’s decision, while the Republican National Committee slammed it — complaining that Mr. Biden was not being tough enough on China.
拜登的决定受到劳工领袖、许多民主党议员、一些行业组织甚至环保主义者的赞扬，而共和党全国委员会则猛烈抨击，抱怨拜登对中国不够强硬，从中可以看到一场新的贸易政治争斗正在掀起。
The National Retail Federation, which represents many companies that source or sell Chinese products, called on Mr. Biden to reverse course and lift tariffs. “As consumers continue to battle inflation, the last thing the administration should be doing is placing additional taxes on imported products that will be paid by U.S. importers and eventually U.S. consumers,” David French, the group’s executive vice president for government relations, said in a news release.
全美零售联合会代表了许多采购或销售中国产品的公司，它呼吁拜登改变做法，取消关税。该组织负责政府关系的执行副总裁戴维·弗伦奇在新闻稿中说，“随着消费者继续与通胀作斗争，政府最不应该做的就是对进口产品征收额外的税，这些税将由美国进口商支付，最终还是由美国消费者支付。”
Only a few politicians, including the Democratic governor of Colorado, Jared Polis, followed suit. “This is horrible news for American consumers and a major setback for clean energy,” Mr. Polis wrote in a social media post. “Tariffs are a direct, regressive tax on Americans and this tax increase will hit every family.”
只有包括科罗拉多州民主党州长贾里德·波利斯在内的少数政界人士赞成这一立场。“这对美国消费者来说是个可怕的消息，也是清洁能源的重大挫折，”波利斯在社交媒体上写道。“关税对美国人来说是一种直接的累退税，这种增税将打击每个家庭。”
The increased tariffs will apply to about $18 billion worth of annual imports from China, White House officials said. The biggest increase will be the quadrupling of tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles to 100 percent from 25 percent. That move is aimed at shielding a corner of the American automotive industry that is in line to receive hundreds of billions of dollars in federal subsidies to help the United States transition to a clean-energy future.
白宫官员说，增加的关税将适用于每年从中国进口的价值约180亿美元的商品。对中国电动汽车的关税增加了三倍，从25%提高到100%，是增幅最大的一项。此举旨在保护美国汽车工业的一角，该行业将获得数千亿美元的联邦补贴，以帮助美国向清洁能源的未来过渡。
Mr. Biden is betting on his efforts to use government investments in heavy manufacturing, including electric vehicles and other green technologies, to create middle-class jobs and help win the swing states that are home to parts of those industries. Biden aides nodded to the politics of trade before the announcement, singling out states they expected to benefit from the tariffs.
拜登希望利用政府对电动汽车和其他绿色技术等重型制造业的投资，为中产阶级创造就业机会，并帮助自己赢得这些行业部分所在地的摇摆州的支持。在宣布之前，拜登的助手们承认了这是一种贸易政治，特意列出了他们预计将从关税中受益的州。
“We know China’s unfair practices have harmed communities in Michigan and Pennsylvania and around the country that are now having the opportunity to come back due to President Biden’s investment agenda,” Lael Brainard, the director of the White House National Economic Council, told reporters.
白宫国家经济委员会主任莱尔·布雷纳德对记者表示：“我们知道，中国的不公平做法损害了密歇根州和宾夕法尼亚州以及全国各地的社区，由于拜登总统的投资议程，这些社区现在有机会恢复。”
Ms. Brainard also criticized the Trump administration for what she called a “failed” effort to force China to change unfair trade practices.
布雷纳德还批评特朗普政府迫使中国改变不公平贸易做法的努力是“失败”的。
Treasury Secretary Janet L. Yellen, who previously criticized tariffs as taxes on consumers, said the new levies were justified because China’s excess industrial capacity posed a threat to the United States and its allies and to emerging markets. She said the Biden administration would not allow cheap Chinese exports to harm American workers.
美国财政部长耶伦此前曾批评关税是对消费者征税，但她表示，新的征税是合理的，因为中国过剩的工业产能对美国及其盟友和新兴市场构成了威胁。她说，拜登政府不会允许廉价的中国出口损害美国工人的利益。
“President Biden and I have seen firsthand the impacts of surges of certain artificially cheap Chinese imports on American communities in the past, and we will not tolerate that again,” Ms. Yellen said, explaining that the tariffs were not intended to be “anti-China.”
“过去，拜登总统和我目睹了某些人为保持低价的中国进口商品激增对美国社会的影响，我们不会再容忍这种情况，”耶伦说。她解释说，征收关税并不是为了“反华”。
China’s Ministry of Commerce criticized the tariffs in a statement, saying that China “firmly opposes this.” The statement called the Biden administration’s decision “typical political manipulation” that would “seriously affect the atmosphere of bilateral cooperation.”
中国商务部在一份声明中批评了这些关税，称中国“坚决反对”。声明称，拜登政府的决定是“典型的政治操弄”，将“严重影响双边合作氛围”。
China called on the United States to rescind the decision, saying that Beijing “will take resolute measures to defend its rights and interests.”
中国呼吁美国撤销这一决定，称北京“将采取坚决措施，捍卫自身权益”。
A spokesman for the Chinese Embassy in Washington, Liu Pengyu, described the tariffs as a disappointing “political maneuver” that he said was in violation of World Trade Organization rules. He also argued that China’s production of green energy products were not out of line with growing global demand.
中国驻华盛顿大使馆发言人刘鹏宇称，这些关税是令人失望的“政治策略”，违反了世界贸易组织的规则。他还认为，中国生产的绿色能源产品与不断增长的全球需求并没有脱节。
“We hope the U.S. can take a positive view of China’s development and stop using overcapacity as an excuse for trade protectionism,” Mr. Liu said.
“我们希望美方能够积极看待中国的发展，停止以产能过剩为借口实施贸易保护主义，”刘鹏宇说。
Mr. Liu added that Beijing had not determined how it would respond, but noted that the United States exported large quantities of soybeans to China and that Tesla, the American electric car manufacturer, sold hundreds of thousands of cars that it made in China last year.
刘鹏宇还说，北京还没有决定如何回应，但他指出，美国向中国出口了大量大豆，美国电动汽车制造商特斯拉去年售出了数十万辆在中国生产的汽车。
Administration officials had long debated reducing some of Mr. Trump’s tariffs — which applied to a large swath of products including apparel and home lighting— while raising levies in more strategic areas. But officials pointed to a long-awaited mandatory review by Mr. Biden’s trade representative, released on Tuesday, that concluded that China’s flouting of international trade rules necessitated keeping all the tariffs in place.
长期以来，政府官员一直在讨论降低特朗普的部分关税——这些关税适用于从服装到家居照明的大量产品——同时在更具战略意义的领域提高关税。但官员们指出，拜登的贸易代表周二发布了一份人们期待已久的强制性评估报告，得出的结论是，由于中国藐视国际贸易规则，有必要维持所有关税。
Mr. Biden wrote in a memorandum released on Tuesday that the tariffs had “been effective in encouraging China to take positive steps” on some trade practices Mr. Trump’s administration criticized, but that “China’s actions do not represent a systematic and sustained response to the issues.”
拜登在周二发布的一份备忘录中写道，关税“有效地鼓励了中国采取积极措施”，来应对特朗普政府批评的一些贸易行为，但“中国的行动并不代表对这些问题做出了系统和持续的回应”。
Officials said this week that they believed American companies that sourced products and components abroad had adjusted to those initial tariffs or made use of an official process to request tariff exclusions.
官员们本周表示，他们认为在海外采购产品和零部件的美国公司已经适应了最初的关税，或者利用官方程序申请了关税豁免。
The relative value of the goods subjected to Mr. Trump’s original tariffs, compared with the much smaller value of the ones targeted by Mr. Biden, reflects a crucial difference in their competing approaches to trade with China.
特朗普最初征收关税的商品的相对价值，与拜登所针对商品的价值相比要小得多，这反映出他们在对华贸易问题上的重要区别。
Mr. Trump favored broad tariffs as a means of wielding leverage with China, given that its export economy remains highly dependent on the American consumer. While in office, he tried to use tariffs as a club to negotiate more favorable terms of trade between the countries and bring manufacturing jobs back to America, with little success.
鉴于中国的出口经济仍然高度依赖美国消费者，特朗普倾向于将广泛的关税作为对中国施加影响的一种手段。在任期间，他曾试图利用关税作为大棒，在两国之间谈判更有利的贸易条件，并将制造业就业岗位带回美国，但收效甚微。
Mr. Trump has promised to go even further if he wins in November — restricting investment between the two countries and banning some Chinese products from the United States entirely. He has also promised to apply that approach more broadly by subjecting all imports, regardless of their origin, to an additional 10 percent tariff.
特朗普承诺，如果他在11月赢得大选，他会走得更远——限制两国之间的投资，并完全禁止一些中国产品进入美国。他还承诺将更广泛地应用这一方法，对所有进口商品征收10%的额外关税，无论其原产地在何处。
Mr. Biden opted to increase Chinese tariffs in areas his administration has targeted for growth and where the United States has invested huge sums of money, including for clean energy technology and semiconductors.
拜登选择在其政府设定的增长目标以及清洁能源技术和半导体等美国投入巨额资金的领域提高中国的关税。
The rate on Chinese solar cells will double to 50 percent. The rate on certain advanced batteries, along with critical minerals needed to build them, will rise to 25 percent. Semiconductor tariffs will double to 50 percent. Some of those increases will be delayed in an apparent effort to allow domestic companies time to ramp up their own production and find other sources outside China.
对中国太阳能电池征收的关税将翻一番，达到50%。某些先进的电池以及制造电池所需关键矿物的关税将上升到25%。半导体关税将翻一番，达到50%。其中一些关税将推迟上调，这显然是为了给国内企业留出时间来提高产量，并在中国以外寻找其他货源。
Other tariffs will affect industries in important swing states, including heavy metals. Rates for certain imported steel and aluminum products will triple to 25 percent.
其他关税将影响包括重金属在内的重要摇摆州的行业。某些进口钢铁和铝材产品的关税将增加两倍，达到25%。
The tariffs were praised by some of the industries that have been hit hardest by cheap Chinese imports.
一些受中国廉价进口产品打击最严重的行业对这些关税大加赞赏。
“As America works to build out manufacturing in key clean energy supply chains to reduce the country’s reliance on China’s supply chains, we need to use every tool at our disposal to boost the U.S. solar manufacturing industry,” said Mike Carr, the executive director of the Solar Energy Manufacturers for America Coalition. “The administration made the right decision to strengthen protections for solar components we seek to build in the U.S.”
“随着美国努力在关键的清洁能源供应链中建立制造业，以减少对中国供应链的依赖，我们需要利用一切可用的工具来推动美国太阳能制造业的发展，”美国太阳能制造商联盟的执行董事迈克·卡尔说。“政府做出了正确的决定，加强了对我们寻求在美国生产的太阳能组件的保护。”
Mr. Biden will also increase tariffs on some medical equipment that officials call essential for pandemic response, including face masks and surgical gloves.
拜登还将提高一些医疗设备的关税，包括口罩和手术手套，官员们认为这些设备对应对大流行至关重要。
U.S. officials cast those increases as an appropriate counter to “unfair, nonmarket practices” by the Chinese government, including state subsidies of factories and what officials call theft of innovative ideas from foreign competitors.
美国官员认为，提高关税是对中国政府“不公平、非市场做法”的适当反击，这些做法包括政府对工厂的补贴，以及官员所称的从外国竞争对手那里窃取创新理念。